Can a cash transfer conditional on education improve adult employment among adolescents with health problems? Finland provides a generous cash transfer to encourage adolescents to remain in education rather than turn to passive disability benefits. I study the long-run effects of this policy using an instrumental variables design based on quasi-random examiner assignment. Among marginal applicants—those whose approval depends on the assigned examiner—receiving the benefit raises the probability of being neither employed nor in education by 12 percentage points after payments end. During receipt, the benefit generates little additional education because most marginal applicants would have remained in school without it; instead, it reduces early work attachment. Comparisons of observably similar accepted and rejected applicants suggest opposite effects for adolescents with the poorest prospects, shifting them from disability benefits into education and improving their later employment. The effects of education-conditioned income support therefore depend on what recipients would otherwise do.

This article employs a couple-level framework to examine how a child's severe illness affects within-family gender inequality. We study parental labor market responses to a child's cancer diagnosis by exploiting an event-study methodology and rich individual-level administrative data on hospitalizations and labor market variables for the total population in Finland. We find that a child's cancer negatively affects the mother's and the father's labor income. The effect is considerably larger for women, increasing gender inequality beyond the well-documented motherhood penalty. We test three potential moderators explaining the more negative outcomes among mothers: (1) breadwinner status, (2) adherence to traditional gender roles and conservative values, and (3) the child's care needs. We find that mothers who are the main breadwinner experience a smaller reduction in their household income contribution than other mothers. Additionally, working in a gender-typical industry and a child's augmented care needs reinforce mothers' gendered responses. These findings contribute to the literature by providing new insights into gender roles when a child falls ill and demonstrating the effects of child health on gender inequality in two-parent households.

The paper investigates the impact of involuntary job loss on severe debt problems in Finland, where up to 50% of income may be subject to wage garnishment for 25 years. We use linked employer-employee data combined with unique administrative records covering debt enforcements from 2007 to 2018. Our event study analysis uncovers a robust and persistent impact of job loss, characterized by plant closures and mass layoffs, on debt-related challenges. Specifically, displaced workers have a 5% higher likelihood of enforced debts in the year of displacement compared to the control group. This effect increases, peaking at 16% four years post-displacement and maintaining a substantial level of roughly 10% nine years afterwards. Effects are particularly large for unpaid taxes, penal orders and fines, while job loss demonstrates only a modest impact on unpaid social or healthcare payments and alimony. Moreover, these effects are more profound among males, less educated, and individuals already burdened with excessive debt, such as mortgages, prior to displacement.